All three of us played for the school’s basketball team. We made a pact never to miss physics recitation or after school sessions, even if the sessions conflicted with basketball practice. This shocked our coach who served as a guidance counselor as well. We suffered in access to court time. However, in our minds the competition shifted from hoops and beating other schools to sharpening our thoughts and scientific insight. Each of us earned science and math related degrees during our undergraduate careers. Two of the three in our group attained the highest level of education in the form of Ph.D. degrees. In contrast to my high school counselor’s lack of support, I benefited from a wonderful dean during my undergraduate years and three very gifted Black men served as mentors and advisers during my masters and Ph.D. programs. I remain grateful and at every turn attempt to model their generosity and firm push to pursue excellence.
Dr. William F. Tate
The struggle to gain access to a high-quality STEM education prepared me for a life in academic research. However, in this world, the same fight remained but in more nuanced forms. During the early 1990s, I served on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin at Madison. As was the custom, I presented the early version of a paper to my colleagues. The paper asserted that the use of mathematics and statistics in our democratic society is often linked to an attempt by one group seeking to gain an advantage over another group. Situations are mathematized in order to maximize advantage. Of course, rarely does the rationale of using numbers suggest the potential for harm to a group. I stated, “For example, hospitals are experimenting with computer systems that can calculate the probability of surviving an illness. Mathematizing the decision to place a patient on life support — under the banner of optimizing system use, minimizing hospital cost and maximizing profit — could result in discriminatory practice. Does being an African-American male lower a patient’s chances of receiving life support services, since comparatively speaking, African-American males have shorter life expectancy?” In addition, I worried that the use of mathematical modeling minimized the risk of successful challenges to the decision-making process. I asked, “How many students leave school with enough knowledge and practice to challenge the use of mathematics in society?” My Wisconsin colleagues viewed my perspective as wrongheaded and characterized it as radical rhetoric. One colleague remarked, “This could never happen in the United States.” It was disheartening to receive this critique. Fortunately, I learned from my earlier high school experience to push on. I completed the article and published it.
Since its publication in 1994, the article has resonated on and off in my thoughts as the digital revolution evolved. My mind turned to the article again after reading Virginia Eubanks’ book titled Automating Inequality. She presents the findings describing how high-tech sorting systems monitor and police the poor in human services such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Medicaid in Indiana; homeless services in Los Angeles; and child welfare in Allegany County, PA. Computer algorithms negatively influenced lives across these diverse geographic regions.
Technology’s influence extends to the criminal justice system. As Michelle Alexander noted in the New York Times, a frightening program of “e-carceration” policies in California, New Jersey and New York use mathematical models to generate risk assessment for judges to inform their decisions related to release from the criminal justice system. She stated “colorblind on the surface … they are based on factors that not only highly correlated with race and class, but also significantly influenced by pervasive bias in the criminal justice system.”
Legislative bodies influence our health, human services and criminal justice systems. Today, computer algorithms represent the front line of the new tools in the gerrymandering wars. The value of a vote shaped by mathematical modeling is the information age version of the poll tax and literacy test. Civil rights veteran Robert Moses argued that math and science literacy represents the content required for citizenship. He is correct.
